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Chitosan
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Description of chitosan

Formula of chitosan: C12H24N2O9
F.W. of chitosan: 161 X n
CAS no. of chitosan: 9012-76-4
DOT of chitosan: Nill
NFPA no. of chitosan:
Class no.of chitosan: Nill
UN no. of chitosan: Nill
HS code of chitosan: 29329990.90
Specific Gravity of chitosan: Nill

Chitosan is off white amorphous translucent flake or powder with pearly color. Insoluble in water or alkali solution, soluble in inorganic acid like diluted hydrochloric acid and nitric acid etc. and most organic acid. In diluted acid solution, backbone chain of chitosan will hydrolyze slowly. There are of ·Á, ·± and ·¡ three crystallographic forms.

Specification of chitosan

Edible chitosan/ Industrial chitosan
ITEMS	Edible chitosan	Industrial chitosan
Appearance	Off white	Off white or grey
Granularity	Powder or flake	Powder or flake
Moisture content	10% max	10%max
Ash content	1.0% max	2.0%max
Insoluble	1.0%max	2.0%max
Deacetylation degree	85%; 90%; 95% min	85%; 90%min
Viscosity ( 1%)	30-3000 mpa.s	30-1000 mpa.s
PH(1%)	7-9	7-9
Packaging	10kg/25Kg	10kg/25Kg
High-density chitosan
ITEMS	Mid-density chitosan	High-density chitosan
Appearance	Off white powder	Off white powder
Bulk density	0.4g/ml min	0.6g/ml min
Moisture content	10%max	10%max
Ash content	1.0% max	1.0% max
Insoluble	1.0% max	1.0% max
Deacetylation degree	85%; 90%; 95% min	85%; 90%; 95%min
Viscosity(1%)	30-300 mpa.s	30-300 mpa.s
PH(1%)	7-9	7-9
Packaging	10/25Kg	10/25Kg
Water soluble chitosan
ITEMS	Specification
Appearance	Off white powder
Moisture content	10% max
Ash content	1.0% max
Insoluble	1.0% max
Viscosity(1%)	30-300 mpa.s
PH(1%)	4 -7
Packaging	10/25Kg

Application of chitosan

Chitosan is used in In medicine and healthcare field, chitosan is widely applied for its multi-function of improving immunity, activating cells, preventing cancer, decreasing blood fat and blood pressure, adjusting blood sugar, fighting against aging and adjusting organism environment etc.
In environment protection field, chitosan can be applied in waste water disposal, protein recycle and water purification.
In functional material field, chitosan can be applied in membrane material, carrier, sorbent, fiber and medical materials etc.
In light textile field, chitosan can be applied in fabric sorting, healthcare underwear and paper making additives.
In agriculture field, chitosan can be applied in feedstuff additive, seed disposal, soil amelioration and fruit refresh-keeping etc.
In tobacco field, for its characteristics of improving taste, non-poisonous and odorless burning, chitosan can be applied as tobacco slice glue.

What are Chitin?
Chitin is one of the most abundant polysaccharides found in nature. It is often considered a cellulose derivative, although it does not occur in organisms producing cellulose. The difference between cellulose and chitosan is that the 2-hydroxy group of the cellulose has been replaced with an acetamide group. This results in several Beta-(1 -> 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D- glucopyrnaose structural units (GlcNAc).

Why Chitin?
Chitin and chitosan are natural resources waiting for a market. They are waste products of the crabbing and shrimp industry. The U. S. Department of Commerce cited in 1973 that there were over 150,000 metric tons of chitin produced as processing waste from shellfish, krill, clams, oysters, squid, and fungi. Chitin and chitosan also have a commercial interest due to their relatively high percentage of Nitrogen (6.89%) compared to synthetically substituted cellulose (1.25%).

Chitin and Chitosan Processing
The following is a chronological order of the processes needed to produce chitosan from crustacean shells.
Crustacean Shell -- Size Reduction -- Protein Separation (NaOH) -- Washing -- Demineralization (HCl) -- Washing and Dewatering -- Chitin -- Deacetylation (NaOH) -- Washing and Dewatering -- Chitosan
Additionally, cartenoproteins can be extracted from crustacean wastes for use in the production of aquacultured fish.
Areas of Usefulness for Chitin and Chitosan
Many areas have been investigated to find possible uses for these polymers over the years. The following is a list of potential areas: biomedical applications, paper production, textile finishes, photographic products, cements, heavy metal chelating agents, and waste removal.

Biomedical Uses of Chitin and Chitosan

Wound Healing
Chitin has been found to have an acceleratory effect on the wound healing process. Regenerated chitin fibers, non-woven mats, sponges, and films show an increase in wound healing by over 30%. Chitin can also be used as a coating on normal biomedical materials. Standard silk and catgut sutures coated with regenerated chitin or chitosan show wound-healing activities only slightly lower than the all-chitin fibers. Surgical gauze coated with regenerated chitin demonstrates a substantially greater amount of activity than an uncoated control group.

Burn Treatment
Chitosan is a very attractive candidate for burn treatment. This is true since chitosan can form tough, water-absorbent, biocompatible films. These films can be formed directly on the burn by application of an aqueous solution of chitosan acetate. The solution, although acidic, provides a cool and pleasant soothing effect when applied to the open wounds of burn patients. Another advantage of this type of chitosan treatment is that it allows excellent oxygen permeability. This is important to prevent oxygen-deprivation of injured tissues. Additionally, chitosan films have the ability to absorb water and are naturally degraded by body enzymes. This fact means that the chitosan needs not be removed. In most injuries (and especially burns), removing the wound dressing can cause damage to the injury site.

Cell Binding Activity of Chitin
Deacyletylated chitin, or chitosan, has been shown to aggressively bind to a variety of mammalian and microbial cells. This property of chitosan may lead to a variety of biomedical applications. These possible applications will use chitosan as a hemostatic, bacteriostatic, and spermicidal agent.

Chitosan as a Hemostatic Agent
Chitosan can be referred to as a polycation. Since the early 1950s, polycations have been known to bind to red blood cells. Many studies since have shown that polycations are effective cellular agglutinating agents. In the early 1960s, chitosan was investigated for its agglutinating and binding abilities. It was found that chitosan, even at very low concentrations, had the ability to agglutinate red blood cells. This led to chitosan's consideration as a hemostatic agent. The agglutination of red blood cells by polycations is dependent both on polymer structure and molecular weight. Out of six common polycations, only chitosan was able to effectively initiate gel formation of heparinized blood. Chitosan with a molecular weight of 35,000 was only able to produce a loose coagulum in heparinized blood, while chitosan with molecular weights of 600,000 or above produced firm coagulum.

Mechanism of Cell Binding
The mechanism of binding has also been researched. It is well known that the repulsive force between red blood cells is due to the high net negative charge on the cell membranes. This high negative surface charge is predominantly due to the presence of neurminic acid residues on the cell membrane. Researchers removed this acid by means of the enzyme neuraminidase. This process removed the high net negative charge of the red blood cell. The researchers then looked at the effect of chitosan on the modified blood cells. It was determined that chitosan did not cause any gelling of the blood cells. Therefore it was concluded that the gel formation of red blood cells is due to the interaction of the positively charged chitosan polymer with receptors containing neuraminic acid residues on the cell surface.

Other Biological Applications
Chitosan provides a diverse spectrum of uses in the biological arena. In addition to the wound healing and burn treatment provided by chitosan, it has been shown to reduce serum cholesterol levels. To a certain degree, it has also been shown to stimulate the immune system. Chitosan, when coated on seeds, results in increased crop yields. Apparently, this is due to chitosan inducing a protective response in the germinating plant. Chitosan has been proven effective for many different applications. This is due in large part to its favorable biological and chemical properties. By understanding these properties, biomedical engineers will be able to fashion better tools to help the medical profession. Below are the useful biological and chemical properties of chitosan.

The Future of Chitin and Chitosan
Chitin and its derivatives show promise for the future. Products produced using chitin have been shown to increase wound healing in animals and humans. Chitin has also demonstrated a physiological compatibility with living tissues. Chitin's ability to form sulfate esters which are non-thrombogenic appears to make it a promising candidate for prosthetic structural devices of any shape or size. Therefore, chitin could serve as replacements for bone, cartilage, arteries, veins, and musculo-fascial replacements. The uses of chitin and chitosan are only limited by the creativity of the biomedical engine.

Packing&Storage of chitosan

Packing of chitosan: 10/25Kg
Storage of chitosan: Store at room temperature

MSDS of chitosan

Material Safety Data Sheets of chitosan

Section I
Chemical Name & Synonyms:Chitosan
Formula: C12H24N2O9

Section II (Hazardous Ingredients)
Paints, Preservatives, & Solvents % TLVUnits Alloys & Metallic Coatings % TLVUnits
Pigments N/A Base Metal N/A
Catalyst N/A Alloys N/A
Vehicle N/A Metallic Coatings N/A
Solvents N/A Filler Metal N/A
Additives N/A Others N/A
Others N/A
Hazardous Mixtures of Other Liquids, Solids, or Gases

SECTION III (Physical Data)
Boiling Point (F) N/A Specific Gravity (H20 = 1) N/A
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) N/A % Volatile by Volume N/A
Vapor Density (air = 1) N/A Evaporation Rate N/A
Solubility in Water :
Appearance & Odor: Off White Solid

Section IV (Fire & Explosion Hazards Data)
Flash Point: N/A Flammable Limits: N/A
Extinguishing Media: Water spray, carbon dioxide, dry chemical powder, or appropriate foam.
Special fire fighting procedures: Firefighter must wear SCBA & full protective clothing
Unusual Fire & Explosion Hazards: Emits toxic fumes under fire conditions

SECTION V (Health Hazard Data)
Threshold Limit Value: N/A

Effects of Overexposure: May be harmful by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. May cause eye and skin irritation.

Emergency & First Aide Procedures: In case of contact immediately wash skin with soap and copious amounts of water. EYES: flush with copious amounts of water for 15 min. Assure adequate flushing of eyes by separating eye lids. If inhaled remove to fresh air. Remove and wash contaminated clothing promptly. If swallowed, wash our mouth with water, provided the person is conscious.

SECTION VI (Reactivity Data)
Stability Unstable
Stable
Conditions to avoid:

Incompatibility (materials to avoid): Strong Oxidizing agents, protect from moisture
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Toxic fumes of : carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, & hydrogen chloride gas
Hazardous Polymerization May Occur
Will not Occur
Conditions to avoid:

SECTION VII (Spills or Leak Procedures)
Steps if material is released or spilled: Do not raise dust. Sweep up material and put into container for disposal. Wash & ventilate spill site.
Waste Disposal Method: Observe Federal, State, and Local Laws.

Section VIII (Special Protection Information)
Respiratory Protection (Specify type): Dust Mask
Ventilation: Local Exhaust: Special:
Mechanical: Other:
Protective Gloves: Chemical resistant glovesEye Protection : Safety goggles
Other Protective Equipment:

SECTION IX (Special Precautions)
Precautions in Handling & Storing: Store in a cool dry place. Keep storage container tightly closed.

Other Precautions: Avoid prolonged/repeated exposure. Wash thoroughly after handling.

chitosan raw mateiral

Chitosan is made from no polluted Alaska deep-sea crab shell with the processing techniques of decalcification, deproteinization, decolorization and deacetylation etc.

chitosan end goods

Of nice appearance and excellent quality, it's the optimal choice for medicine, health care products, food and beverage etc.

Substitute of chitosan

Chitin

Importing & exporting rules of chitosan

Normal

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